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A theory that if one nation becomes Communist-controlled the neighboring nations will also become Communist-controlled. Even Newton's theory of motion texte know friction. Peter M. Blau A. Introduction and Hypotheses of the Theory With the collapse of the communist regimes, the post-Socialist countries are facing the problem of building new legal and institutional systems which will adequately address the needs of the markets.

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At the same time, there is a debate among sovietologists as of identification of the causal mechanism of building new legal and democratic systems, and what influences the choice of East European policy-makers. Even upon a cursory observation, it becomes obvious that some countries have clearly succeeded in the task more than the others.

This paper attempts to borrow from some middle range social theories of institution building and, especially, the theory of institutional isomorphism by DiMaggio and Powell. It argues that a texte know parallel can be made between the theory of institutional isomorphism within a country or within an institutional field and a number of countries, or a region as a whole.

Considering the uneven development of the post-Socialist countries during the transition period and applying the theory of institutional isomorphism on the state level, we can observe the phenomenon of state isomorphism. The theory also shows that perhaps a significantly valid prediction can be made about future unfolding of the transition in the region.

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To begin with, Max Weber should be mentioned as the father of bureaucratization theory. According to Weber, bureaucratization arises primarily from increasing competition among capitalist firms and business.

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That assumes that businesses are driven by a search for efficiency and control over their transactions. According to one of Weber's explanation, organizations and bureaucracies arise due to competition on the market and expansion of the market. The relation networks become extremely complex with the expansion of the market, and bureaucracy arises in order to adequately manage "more internal and boundary-spanning interdependencies.

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In reality we observe that the rules are often violated and decisions are unimplemented. Sociologists Meyer and Rowan in Institutionalized Organizations emphasize the second Weberian explanation of institutional rise, according to which the cause of formal structure comes from the legitimacy of rationalized formal structures That leads the authors to the conclusion that formal organizations incorporate the rational institutional rules and try to conform to them.

Further, the authors hypothesize that as the society modernizes, institutional structures extend in a given domain Paul DiMaggio and Walter Powell build on the Weberian concept of legitimacy and, considering the Meyer and Rowan emphasis on conformity to the rules, present a more complete picture. They introduce us to texte know theoretical foundation of the concept of institutional isomorphism.

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According to the authors, when new organizations emerge, rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. Bureaucratization and other forms of organizational change occur as the result of process that make organizations more similar without necessarily making them more efficient The difference between Weberian rationality in contrast of the DiMaggio and Powell texte know is that Weberian actors think that it is important to try to achieve more efficiency, while DiMaggio and Powell stress the actors' belief that efficiency stems from legitimacy, and legitimacy stems from texte know to the "general" rules and norms, and, texte know, texte know is rational to conform in order to gain efficiency.

In other words, the practices the organizations resort to in order to maintain their legitimacy stem from the actors' rational choice to appear legitimate, and that leads to organizational isomorphism and homogeneity of organizational structures. In a sense, Weberian efficiency may be called objective, while in reality, conformity to rules does not lead to efficiency necessarily, though the actors think it does.

A concept of organizational field, as it is developed by DiMaggio and Powell, has to be introduced at this point. By organizational field, DiMaggio and Powell mean those organizations that constitute a recognized area of institutional life.

In our case, these are regulatory agencies, or legal systems, or even the whole East European region. Within the organizational field, bureaucratization arises out of structuration, texte know four conditions are present: 2 interaction among organizations increases, between Eastern and Western Europe, among the Central Asia countries, but not, for instance, between the West and Central Asia countriesthe rise of interorganizational structures of domination and coalition the West dominating the Eastan increase in the information load with which organizations in the field must contend as increased communication between the West and the East by the mid s, as the West and Solidarity in Polandthe development of mutual awareness of a common enterprise for example, the East European countries desires to become the NATO and EU members.

Szó szerinti jelentés Synonyms śrī-bhagavān uvāca — az Istenség Legfelsőbb Személyisége mondta; aśocyān — nem érdemes bánkódni érte; anvaśocaḥ — bánkódsz; tvam — te; prajñā-vādān — művelt beszéd; ca — és; bhāṣase — beszélve; gata — elveszett; asūn — élet; agata — nem veszett el; asūn — élet; ca — és; na — soha; anuśocanti — siránkoznak; paṇḍitāḥ — a tanult emberek. Fordítás Translation Az Istenség Legfelsőbb Személyisége így szólt: Művelt beszéded mellett olyasmit gyászolsz, amiért nem érdemes bánkódni. A bölcsek nem keseregnek sem az élő, sem a halott felett. Les sages ne pleurent ni les vivants ni les texte know.

Gaining legitimacy is the second form of the Weberian major cause behind bureaucratization. That leads to what the authors call the process isomorphism. This approach suggests that organizational characteristics are modified in the direction of increasing comparability with environmental characteristics The authors begin by distinguishing two types of isomorphism competitive and institutional.

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Texte know compete not just for resources and customers, but for political power and institutional legitimacy for social as well as economic fitness More specifically the isomorphism results through the three causal mechanism: coercive texte know, from an attempt to resolve uncertainty, and from normative pressures of professionalization.

Applicability of the Theory to the Developments In the Post-Socialist Bloc A question at this point can be asked as to what extent the abovementioned theory helps to explain variations in the legal and institutional development in the Post-Socialist societies?

It can be argued that there are some surprisingly discernible similarities between the DiMaggio and Powell framework and the uneven development of Post-Socialist transition.

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In fact, the rate and extent to which reforms were implemented in the Post-Socialist societies strongly correlates with the relative isomorphic positions of those societies with respect to the West and each other. The major premise of this paper is a rather simple possibility of successful substituting texte know concept of "organizations" for "states.

At the same time, there is some isomorphism among the Asian countries, and even less isomorphism between those countries and the West. It is useful to look at the progress the post-Socialist societies have made towards free markets and democracy.

Although in this paper we will not look at empirical data, we will trust instead the literature and research of specialists in the area. So, for example, successful transition will be defined as adoption of market reforms and shock therapy and democratization. There is a remarkable similarity between the results of the transition so far, and the propositions which are provided by the isomorphism theory.

The texte know of legal and economic development and adoption of reforms within the region is well-reflected texte know the conditions and causal mechanism specified by the isomorphism theory.

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The countries, similarly to individual social actors, are influenced by the same causal mechanisms. Let us look at the first condition of structuration. The shock therapy assumes rapid price liberalization, privatization, legal and economic reforms – in other words, a leap towards capitalist institutional and market arrangements. To a large extent scholars agree that more economic reforms have been adopted in Eastern Europe rather than in the Asian part of the former bloc.

The same texte know be said about the rate of democratization. According to the first condition of structuration, interaction among the actors must increase for isomorphism to appear; in other words, there has to be an increase in the extent of interaction among the organizations in the field.

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A case can be made that economic reforms were adopted to a larger extent in Eastern Europe than in the post-Soviet bloc in part because East European countries had a closer historical and geographical contact with the capitalist West which satisfies our first requirementplus the frameworks for those reforms originated from the West Western advisers and were introduced texte know help of the West.

In comparison, texte know Asian countries adopted fewer reforms, while Russia falls in between. Kazakhstan represents an exception among the Asian countries but only with respect to economic reforms, not politicalwhile it is clear that the Eastern portion of the bloc, plus Georgia and Ukraine, adopted fewer reforms.

Countries that are located in between the Asian bloc and Eastern bloc, such as Bulgaria, Romania, and Moldova, fall in between on reform adoption. An excellent source to measure transition towards free markets is The texte know of Economic Freedom, The rankings range from 1 to 5, 4 to 5 corresponding to repressed, and 1 to 1.

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Property rights is one of the ten factors considered in measuring economic freedom. As we can see, according to the texte know condition, there is a strong organizational field consisting of the countries of Western and Eastern Europe inasmuch as the ties between the West and East are historically and geographically closer than, arguably say, between Russia and Western Europe.

That may explain the difference in the extent of the adoption of shock therapy recommended by the West and, generally, reform adoption. As we know, while Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Poland adopted shock therapy quite fast, Russia adopted it only partially, while the Asian bloc countries largely ignored the policy. Condition II According to the second condition, there is a rise of interorganizational structures of domination and patterns of coalition.

An argument can be made that the East-European countries felt superiority of the West, while Russia could not afford it because of some "pride considerations" factor, and the Asian countries are even more Találkozó ember carcassonne exclusive. With the collapse of the Communist regimes, Eastern Europe felt more dominated by the West in all respects: technologically and economically as well as intellectually.

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Russia, at the same time, did not feel much either intellectually or technologically dominated by the West considering the well developed Russian military complex. Condition 3 specifies an increase in information load within the field. Indeed, as Bunce notes in her book, communication and informational exchange increased as early as 's with the advent of Détente, which "reduced Norvég férfiak tudják conflict by recognizing Soviet-American equality, and rendered more porous the cultural, economic, and texte know boundaries that had for so long isolated texte know eastern from the western halves of Europe" Condition 4 states that there must be the development of mutual awareness of involvement in a common enterprise.

Clearly, to the extent that the East European countries plus the Baltic texte know are desirous to join Western Europe, the European Community and, of course, NATO, there is indeed a mutual awareness of a common enterprise and a unified Europe. Russia, however, still regards itself more detached from Europe and that is, perhaps, as much the fault of Europe as of Russianot mentioning Russia's keresés woman 78500 hostility towards NATO expansion Security and Defense and Enlargement of the European Union, European Parliament, Briefing In other words, mutual awareness of a common enterprise is less visible between Russia and the West, or the Asia and the West, than between the East and the West.

With regard to Eastern Europe, the 4th condition is best specified by Bunce in her book, where she says: Demands for political change The first is

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